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Cypress Cultural Consultants, LLC

Recognizing the balance between progress and history...

Frequently Asked Questions

Table of Contents

What are cultural resources?

What is cultural resources management?

What is a cultural resource assessment?

What is an archaeological survey?

What is a Phase I survey? A Phase II?  A Phase III? 

Who can I talk to about cultural resource management in my state?

What is a historic structures survey?    

What is Section 106?    

Why do I have to do a cultural resource survey?

What are cultural resources?

This is a broad term used to describe a place or thing significant to the history of a group of people.  Archaeological sites, historic structures, historic objects, cultural landscapes, traditional cultural properties, and historic districts are all included when referring to cultural resources.

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What is cultural resources management?

Cultural resource management developed when federal and state laws began requiring that cultural resources be given consideration during activities that may have an effect on them such as construction and mining.  Cultural resource management is a complex system of means to determine how to define a significant cultural resource, how to identify these resources in the field, and how to protect and manage them.  Sometimes cultural resource managers are also required to mitigate the effects to a cultural resource when the activity causing the effect cannot be modified sufficiently to avoid them.  Cultural resource management is practiced by federal and state governments, private industry such as Cypress Cultural Consultants, non-profit organizations, and some educational institutions.  

 

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What is a cultural resource assessment?

A cultural resource assessment is a systematic attempt to identify all cultural resources that will be directly or indirectly affected by a particular activity.  Generally speaking a cultural resource assessment involves an archaeological survey and a historic structures survey in addition to other means necessary to identify historic landscapes, traditional cultural properties, or historic districts.

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What is an archaeological survey?

An archaeological survey is a systematic attempt to identify the archaeological sites within a particular boundary.  The most common ways to conduct an archaeological survey are to visually inspect the ground surface and to dig small holes in the ground along topographic features or at regular intervals.  Other means of locating archaeological sites are to identify buried ground surfaces (geomorphology) or the use of remote sensing techniques such as ground penetrating radar or soil conductivity.  Archaeological surveys often include making a formal record of the location, size, and type of archaeological sites that were located and a preliminary assessment of the sites’ significance.

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What is a Phase I?  A Phase II?  A Phase III?

A Phase I  is another way of saying “archaeological survey” (see archaeological survey above).  A Phase II may follow a Phase I if more information is required for a particular archaeological site.  In a Phase II, small excavation units are placed in various locations around the site that appear to contain artifacts or features that are key to understanding the site’s significance.  The number of units that are excavated depends on the size and type of site being studied.  The results of a Phase II test will aid the archaeologist in determining the size, depth, condition, and nature of the archaeological site as well as its historic significance  A Phase III is the excavation of an archaeological site.  In a Phase III, a large portion of the site is methodically excavated in order to recover artifacts and features that will allow an archaeologist to study the people who created the site.  A Phase III excavation is destructive to the site so this level of archaeological recovery is reserved for educational purposes or for situations when the site will likely be destroyed during other activities such as highway construction or lake inundation.

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Who can I talk to about cultural resource management in my state?

The federal government has authorized each state to designate a person to enforce federal laws in regards to cultural resources.  This person is known as the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO).  Most states have created a whole office to look out for cultural resources in their jurisdiction.  These offices are funded by federal and state government and are made up of archaeologists, structural historians, planners, lobbyists, public relation specialists, educators, etc.  In many states, the State Historic Preservation Officer leads this agency or works closely with them.  The State Historic Preservation Officer and the state agency in charge of cultural resources can help you decide how to protect and manage cultural resources.  In some cases they can provide funding or directions for cultural resource projects.  This agency is also responsible for reviewing cultural resource assessments that are required by federal law.  Find your SHPO or state cultural resource agency below.

GEORGIA

Historic Preservation Division/DNR
156 Trinity Avenue, SW, Suite 101
Atlanta, GA 30303-3600
404-656-2840 FAX 404-651-8739

www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/histpres/

SOUTH CAROLINA

Department of Archives & History
8301 Parklane Road
Columbia, SC 29223-4905
803-896-6100 FAX 803-896-6167

http://www.state.sc.us/scdah/

FLORIDA

Div of Historical Resources, Dept of State
R. A. Gray Building, Room 305
500 S. Bronough St.
Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250
850-245-6300  FAX 850-488-3353
800-847-7278

www.dhr.dos.state.fl.us/

NORTH CAROLINA

Division of Archives & History
4610 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-4610
919-733-7305 FAX: 919-733-8807

Historic Preservation Office
4617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-4617
919-733-4763 FAX: 919-733-8653

http://www.hpo.dcr.state.nc.us

ALABAMA

Alabama Historical Commission
468 South Perry Street
Montgomery, AL 36130-0900
334-242-3184 FAX: 334-240-3477

www.preserveala.org/

TENNESSEE

Dept of Environment and Conservation
401 Church Street, L & C Tower 21st Floor
Nashville, TN 37243-0435
615-532-0109 FAX: 615-532-0120

Tennessee Historical Commission
2941 Lebanon Road
Nashville, TN 37243-0442
615-532-1550 FAX: 615-532-1549

www.state.tn.us/environment/hist/hist.htm

MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi Dept of Archives & History
P.O. Box 571
Jackson, MS 39205-0571
601-359-6850


Division of Historic Preservation
601-359-6940 FAX: 601-359-6955

www.mdah.state.ms.us/hpres/hprestxt.html

KENTUCKY

Kentucky Heritage Council
300 Washington Street
Frankfort, KY 40601
502-564-7005 FAX: 502-564-5820

www.state.ky.us/agencies/khc/khchome.htm

WEST VIRGINIA

West Virginia Division of Culture & History
Historic Preservation Office
1900 Kanawha Boulevard East
Charleston, WV 25305-0300
304-558-0220 FAX: 304-558-2779

www.wvcullture.org/shpo/index.html

VIRGINIA

Department of Historic Resources
2801 Kensington Avenue
Richmond, VA 23221
804-367-2323 FAX: 804-367-2391

www.dhr.state.va.us

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What is Section 106?

Section 106 refers to a part of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, that requires federal agencies to take into account the effects of their actions on cultural resources.  This requirement extends to any projects that occur on federal land, are federally funded or are federally permitted.  Common federal agencies that require Section 106 include the Corps of Engineers, the Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Surface Mining, Federal Communication Commission, and the Tennessee Valley Authority.  The process of taking effects into account usually involves a survey of cultural resources, an assessment of the effects of the action, and measures to avoid adverse effects where possible.  During this process, the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) is given an opportunity to submit comments on the effects of the action by reviewing the cultural resource assessment report.

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What is a historic structures survey?

A historic structures survey is a systematic attempt to identify all structures that are over 50 years old that will be directly or indirectly affected by a project.  The survey will record the location, style, condition, builder, history of modifications, and special features of the structure in order to determine its signficance.  The survey is often conducted by a structural historian who has been trained to recognize the factors that make a structure significant.    

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Why do I have to do a cultural resource assessment?

Cultural resource assessments are required of all projects that occur on federal land or are federally funded or permitted.  The source of this requirement is the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, that was passed when American citizens became alarmed at the rate in which historic houses and archaeological sites were being destroyed by economic development and population growth. The law does not forbid the destruction of these resources but it does require that the effects to these resources be considered prior to any potentially destructive activity being conducted.  The law requires that significant resources that may be affected by the activity be identified and recorded.  It also requires that the project managers look at alternatives to limit the amount of destruction to the cultural resources when possible.  In the event that the cultural resources are destroyed, a record has been made of their existence in order to allow for future study and appreciation.

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